Table of Contents

1 Introduction

Prolog programs sometimes need access to large sets of background data. For example in the GRASP project we need access to ontologies of art objects, a large lexicon and translation dictionaries. Storage of such information as Prolog clauses is not sufficiently efficient in terms of the memory requirements.

The table package outlined in this document allows for easy access of large structured files. The package uses binary search if possible and linear search for queries that cannot use more efficient algorithms without building additional index tables. Caching is achieved using the file-to-memory maps supported by many modern operating systems.

The following sections define the interface predicates for the package. Section 4 provides an example to access the Unix password file.

2 Managing external tables

2.1 Creating and destroying tables

This section describes the predicates required for creating and destroying the access to external database tables.

new_table(+File, +Columns, +Options, -Handle)

Create a description of a new table, stored in File. Columns is a list of descriptions for each column. A column description is of the form

ColumnName(Type [, ColumnOptions])

Type denotes the Prolog type to which the field should be converted and is one of:

integer	Convert to a Prolog integer. The input is treated as a decimal number.
hexadecimal	Convert to a Prolog integer. The input is treated as a hex number.
float	Convert to a Prolog floating point number. The input is handled by the C-library function strtod().
atom	Convert to a Prolog atom.
string	Convert to a SWI-Prolog string object.
code_list	Convert to a list of ASCII codes.

ColumnOptions is a list of additional properties of the column. Supported values are:

sorted	The field is strictly sorted, but may have (adjacent) duplicate entries. If the field is textual, it should be sorted alphabetically, otherwise it should be sorted numerically.
sorted(+Table)	The (textual) field is sorted using the ordering declared by the named ordering table. This option may be used to define reverse order,‘dictionary’order or other irregular alphabetical ordering. See new_order_table/2.
unique	This column has distinct values for each row in the table.
downcase	Map all uppercase in the field to lowercase before converting to a Prolog atom, string or code_list.
map_space_to_underscore	Map spaces to underscores before converting to a Prolog atom, string or code_list.
syntax	For numerical fields. If the field does not contain a valid number, matching the value fails. Reading the value returns the value as an atom.
width(+Chars)	Field has fixed width of the specified number of characters. The column-separator is not considered for this column.
arg(+Index)	For read_table_record/4, unify the field with the given argument of the record term. Further fields will be assigned index+1, ... .
skip	Don't convert this field to Prolog. The field is simply skipped without checking for consistency.

The Options argument is a list of global options for the table. Defined options are:

record_separator(+Code)	Character (ASCII) value of the character separating two records. Default is the newline (ASCII 10).
field_separator(+Code)	Character (ASCII) value of the character separating two fields in a record. Default is the space (ASCII 32), which also has a special meaning. Two fields separated by a space may be separated by any non-empty sequence of spaces and tab (ASCII 9) characters. For all other separators, a single character separates the fields.
encoding(+Encoding)	Text encoding of the file. Values are iso_latin_1 (default), utf8 or native. The latter uses the native multibyte to unicode conversion.
escape(+Code, +ListOfMap)	Sometimes, a table defines escape sequences to make it possible to use the separator-characters in text-fields. This options provides a simple way to handle some standard cases. Code is the ASCII code of the character that leads the escape sequence. The default is -1, and thus never matched. ListOfMap is a list of From = To character mappings. The default map table is the identity map, unless Code refers to the \ character, in which case \b, \e, \n, \r and \t have their usual meaning.
functor(+Head)	Functor used by read_table_record/4. Default is record using the maximal argument index of the fields as arity.

If the options are parsed successfully, Handle is unified with a term that may be used as a handle to the table for future operations on it. Note that new_table/4 does not access the file system, so its success only indicates the description could be parsed, not the presence, access or format of the file.

open_table(+Handle)

Open the table. This predicate normally does not need to be called explicitely, as all operations on the table handle will automatically open the table if this is required. It fails if the file cannot be accessed or some other error with the required operating-system resources occurs. The contents of the file is not examined by this predicate.

close_table(+Handle)

Close the file and other system resources, but do not remove the description of the table, so it can be re-opened later.

free_table(+Handle)

Close and remove the handle. After this operation, Handle becomes invalid and further references to it causes undefined behaviour.

2.2 Accessing a table

This section describes the predicates to read data from a table.

2.2.1 Finding record locations in a table

Records are addressed by their offset in the table (file). As records have generally non-fixed length, searching is often required. The predicates below allow for finding records in the file.

get_table_attribute(+Handle, +Attribute, -Value)

Fetch attributes of the table. Defined attributes:

file	Unify value with the name of the file with which the table is associated.
field(N)	Unify value with declaration of n-th (1-based) field.
field_separator	Unify value with the field separator character.
record_separator	Unify value with the record separator character.
key_field	Unify value with the 1-based index of the field that is sorted or fails if the table contains no sorted fields.
field_count	Unify value with the total number of columns in the table.
size	Unify value with the number of characters in the table-file, not the number of records.
window	Unify value with a term Start - Size, indicating the properties of the current window.

table_window(+Handle, +Start, +Size)

If only part of the file represents the table, this call may be used to define a window on the file. Start defines the start of the window relative to the start of the file. Size is the size in characters. Skipping a header is one of the possible purposes for this call.

table_start_of_record(+Handle, +From, +To, -Start)

Enumerates (on backtracking) the start of records in the table in the region [From, To). Together with read_table_record/4, this may be used to read the table's data.

table_previous_record(+Handle, +Here, -Previous)

If Here is the start of a record, find the start of the record before it. If Here points at an arbitrary location in a record, the start of this record will be returned.

2.2.2 Reading records

There are two predicates for reading records. The read_table_record/4 reads an entire record, while read_table_fields/4 reads one or more fields from a record.

read_table_record(+Handle, +Start, -Next, -Record)

Read a record from the table. Handle is a handle as returned by new_table/4. Start is the location of a record. If Start does not point to the start of a record, this predicate searches backwards for the starting position. Record is unified with a term constructed from the functor associated with the table (default name record and arity the number of not-skipped columns), each of the arguments containing the converted data. An error is raised if the data could not be converted. Next is unified with the start position for the next record.

read_table_fields(+Handle, +Start, -Next, -Fields)

As read_table_record/4, but Fields is a list of terms +Name(-Value), and the Values will be unified with the values of the specified field.

read_table_record_data(+Handle, +Start, -Next, -Record)

Similar to read_table_record/4, but unifies record with a Prolog string containing the data of the record unparsed. The returned record does not contain the terminating record-separator.

2.2.3 Searching the table

in_table(+Handle, ?Fields, -RecordPos)

Searches the table for records matching Fields. If a match is found, the variable (see below) fields in Fields are unified with the corresponding field value, and RecordPos is unified with the position of the record. The latter handle may be used in a subsequent call to read_table_record/4 or read_table_fields/4.

Fields is a list of field specifiers. Each specifier is of the format:

FieldName(Value [, Options])

Options is a list of options to specify the search. By default, the package will search for an exact match, possibly using the ordering table associated with the field (see order option in new_table/4). Options are:

prefix	Uses prefix search with the default table.
prefix(Table)	Uses prefix search with the specified ordering table.
substring	Searches for a substring in the field. This requires linear search of the table.
substring(Table)	Searches for a substring, using the table information for determining the equivalence of characters.
=	Default equivalence.
=(Table)	Equivalence using the given table.

If Value is unbound (i.e. a variable), the record is considered not specified. The possible option list is ignored. If a match is found on the remaining fields, the variable is unified with the value found in the field.

First, the system checks whether there is an ordered field that is specified. In this case, binary search is employed to find the matching record(s). Otherwise, linear search is used.

If the match contains a specified field that has the property unique set (see new_table/4), in_table/3 succeeds deterministically. Otherwise it will create a backtrack-point and backtracking will yield further solutions to the query.

in_table/3 may be comfortable used to bind the table transparently to a predicate. For example, we have a file with lines of the format.^{1This is the disproot.dat table from the AAT database used in GRASP}

    C1C2,Full Name
    

C1C2 is a two-character identifier used in the other tables, and FullName is the description of the identifier. We want to have a predicate identifier_name(?Id, ?FullName) to reflect this table. The code below does the trick:

    :- dynamic stored_idtable_handle/1.


    idtable(Handle) :-
            stored_idtable_handle(Handle).
    idtable(Handle) :-
            new_table('disproot.dat',
                      [ id(atom, [downcase, sorted, unique]),
                        name(atom)
                      ],
                      [ field_separator(0',)
                      ], Handle),
            assert(stored_idtable_handle(Handle)).

    identifier_name(Id, Name) :-
            idtable(Handle),
            in_table(Handle, [id(Id), name(Name)], _).
    

2.2.4 Miscellaneous

table_version(-Version, -CompileDate)

Unify Version with an atom identifying the version of this package, and CompileDate with the date this package was compiled.

3 Flexible ordering and equivalence based on character table

This package was developed as part of the GRASP project, where it is used for browsing lexical and ontology information, which is normally stored using‘dictionary’order, rather than the more conventional alphabetical ordering based on character codes. To achieve programmable ordering, the table package defines‘order tables’. An order table is a table with the cardinality of the size of the character set (256 for extended ASCII), and maps each character onto its‘order number’, and some characters onto special codes.

The default (exact) table matches all character codes onto themselves. The default case_insensitive table matches all uppercase characters onto their corresponding lowercase character. The tables iso_latin_1 and iso_latin_1_case_insensitive map the ISO-latin-1 letters with diacritics into their plain counterpart.

To support dictionary ordering, the following special categories are defined:

The following predicates are defined to manage and use these tables:

new_order_table(+Name, +Options)

Create a new, or replace the order-table with the given name (an atom). Options is a list of options:

case_insensitive	Map all upper- to lowercase characters.
iso_latin_1	Start with an ISO-Latin-1 table
iso_latin_1_case_insensitive	Start with a case-insensitive ISO-Latin-1 table
copy(+Table)	Copy all entries from Table.
tag(+ListOfCodes)	Add these characters to the set of‘tag’characters.
ignore(+ListOfCodes)	Add these characters to the set of‘ignore’characters.
break(+ListOfCodes)	Add these characters to the set of‘break’characters.
+Code1 = +Code2	Map Code1 onto Code2.

order_table_mapping(+Table, ?From, ?To)

Read the current mapping. To is a character code or one of the atoms break, ignore or tag.

compare_strings(+Table, +S1, +S2, -Result)

Compare two strings using the named Table. S1 and S2 may be atoms, strings or code-lists. Result is one of the atoms <, = or >.

prefix_string(+Table, +Prefix, +String)

Succeeds if Prefix is a prefix of String using the named Table.

prefix_string(+Table, +Prefix, -Rest, +String)

Succeeds if Prefix is a prefix of String using the named Table, and Rest is unified with the remainder of String that is not matched. Please note that the existence of an order-table implies simple contatenation using atom_concat/3 cannot be used to determine the non-matched part of the string.

sub_string(+Table, +Sub, +String)

Succeeds if Sub is a substring of String using the named Table.

4 Example: accessing the Unix passwd file

The Unix passwd file is a file with records spanning a single line each. The fields are separated by a single‘:’character. Here is an example of a line:

joe:hgdu3r3bce:53:100:Joe Johnson:/users/joe:/bin/bash

The following call defines a table for it:

?- new_table('/etc/passwd',
             [ user(atom),
               passwd(code_list),
               uid(integer),
               gid(integer),
               gecos(code_list),
               homedir(atom),
               shell(atom)
             ],
             [ field_separator(0':)
             ],
             H).

To find all people of group 100, use:

?- findall(User, in_table(H, [user(User), gid(100)], _), Users).