1.6.8.6 Discussion of the sample PlBlob code

• PL_BLOB_DEFINITION(MyBlob, "my_blob") creates a PL_blob_t structure with the wrapper functions and flags set to PL_BLOB_NOCOPY. It should be declared outside the PlBlob class and should not be marked const - otherwise, a runtime error can occur.^{20The cause of the runtime error is not clear, but possibly has to do with the order of initializing globals, which is unspecified for C++.}

• The MyBlob struct is a subclass of PlBlob. See below for a discussion of the default behaviors.
  • MyBlob contains a pointer to a MyConnection object and keeps a copy of the connection's name. The MyConnection object is handled by a std::unique_ptr smart pointer, so that it is automatically freed when the MyBlob object is freed.

  • A default constructor is defined - this is needed for the load() and save() methods; it invokes the PlBlob constructor.

  • The MyBlob class must not provide a copy or move constructor, nor an assignment operator (PlBlob has these as delete, so if you try to use one of these, you will get a compile-time error).

  • PlBlob’s constructor sets blob_t_ to a pointer to the my_blob definition. This is used for run-time consistency checking by the various callback functions and for constructing error terms (see PlBlob::symbol_term()).

  • PlBlob’s acquire() is called by PlBlobV<MyBlob>::acquire() and fills in the symbol_ field. MyBlob must not override this - it is not a virtual method. The symbol_ field can be accessed by PlBlob::symbol_term().

  • PlBlob::symbol_term() Creates a term from the blob, for use in error terms. It is always safe to use this; if the symbol hasn't been set (because acquire() hasn't been called), symbol_term() returns a “var” term - this can be checked with PlTerm::is_variable().

  • The MyBlob(connection_name) constructor creates a MyConnection object. If this fails, an exception is thrown. The constructor then calls MyConnection::open() and throws an exception if that fails. (The code would be similar if instead the constructor for MyConnection also did an open and threw an exception on failure.)

  • The PL_BLOB_SIZE is boilerplate that defines a blob_size_() method that is used when the blob is created.

  • The destructor MyBlob() is called when the blob is released by the garbage collector and in turn calls the MyBlob::close(), throwing away the result. If there is an error, a message is printed because there is no other way report the error. For this reason, it is preferred that the program explicitly calls the close_my_blob/1 predicate, which can raise an error. One way of doing this is by using the at_halt/1 hook.

  • The MyBlob::close() method is called by either the destructor or by the close_my_blob/1 predicate. Because it can be called by the garbage collector, which does not provide the usual environment and which may also be in a different thread, the only Prolog function that can be called is PlAtom::unregister_ref(); and the MyBlob::close() method must not throw an exception.^{21It isn't enough to just catch exceptions; for example, if the code throws PlUnknownError("..."), that will try to create a Prolog term, which will crash because the environment for creating terms is not available.} Because there is no mechanism for reporting an error, the destructor prints a message on failure (calling PL_warning() would cause a crash).

    PlBlob::close() calls MyConnection::close() and then frees the object. Error handling is left to the caller because of the possibility that this is called in the context of garbage collection. It is not necessary to free the MyConnection object here - if it is not freed, the std::unique_ptr<MyConnection>’s destructor would free it.

  • PlBlob::MyBlobError() is a convenience method for creating errror terms.

  • PlBlob::compare_fields() makes the blob comparison function more deterministic by comparing the name fields; if the names are the same, the comparison will be done by comparing the addresses of the blobs (which is the default behavior for blobs defined using the C API). PlBlob::compare_fields() is called by PlBlobV<PlBlob>::compare(), which provides the default comparison if PlBlob::compare_fields() returns 0 (``equal” ).

    The _b_data argument is of type const PlBlob* - this is cast to const MyBlob* using a static_cast. This is safe because Prolog guarantees that PlBlobV<PlBlob>::compare() will only be called if both blobs are of the same type.

  • PlBlob::write_fields() outputs the name and the status of the connection, in addition to the default of outputting the blob type and its address. This is for illustrative purposes only; an alternative is to have a my_blob_properties/2 predicate to provide the information.

    The flags argument is the same as given to PlBlobV<PlBlob>::write(), which is a bitwise or of zero or more of the PL_WRT_* flags that were passed in to the caling PL_write_term() (defined in SWI-Prolog.h). The flags do not have the PL_WRT_NEWLINE bit set, so it is safe to call PlTerm::write() and there is no need for writing a trailing newline.

    If anything in PlBlob::write_fields() throws a C++ exception, it will be caught by the calling PlBlobV<PlBlob>::write() and handled appropriately.

  • PlBlob::save() and PlBlob::load() are not defined, so the defaults are used - they throw an error on an attempt to save the blob (e.g., by using qsave_program/[1,2]).^{22The C API defaults would save the internal form of the blob, which is probably not what you want, so the C++ API throws an error as its default.}

• create_my_blob/2 predicate:
  • std::unique_ptr<PlBlob>() creates a MyBlob that is deleted when it goes out of scope. If an exception occurs between the creation of the blob or if the call to unify_blob() fails, the pointer will be automatically freed (and the MyBlob destructor will be called).

    PlTerm::unify_blob() is called with a pointer to a std::unique_ptr, which takes ownership of the object by calling std::unique_ptr<PlBlob>::release() and passes the pointer to Prolog, which then owns it. This also sets ref to nullptr, so any attempt to use ref after a call to PlTerm::unify_blob() will be an error.

    If you wish to create a MyBlob object instead of a PlBlob object, a slightly different form is used:

    auto ref = std::make_unique<MyBlob>(...);
      ...
    std::unique_ptr<PlBlob> refb(ref.release());
    PlCheckFail(A2.unify_blob(&refb));
    return true;
          

• close_my_blob/1 predicate:
  • The argument is turned into a MyBlob pointer using the PlBlobV<MyBlob>::cast_ex() function, which will throw a type_error if the argument isn't a blob of the expected type.

  • The MyBlob::close() method is called - if it fails, a Prolog error is thrown.